The Mandate of Heaven - Nigel Harris
Jun 28, 2016 · Chapter 01: The Workers' Revolution . In 1921, when the Chinese Communist party was formed, China was in a state of grave crisis. The collapse of the old empire in 1911, the cumulative effects of foreign penetration (by Japan, Britain, France and the United States), the impact of the First World War and the Russian revolution, all posed severe problems and released new social forces.
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